1, 10 November 2022 | SIAM Journal on Applied Algebra and Geometry, Vol. >> 31 0 obj 524, 21 October 2016 | Mathematische Zeitschrift, Vol. G 433, No. A rank-1 order- k tensor is the outer product of k nonzero vectors. 284, No. /Parent 2 0 R A symmetric tensor is a higher order generalization of a symmetric matrix. /Resources 154 0 R A rank-1 order-k tensor is the outer product of k non-zero vectors. 6, 28 June 2011 | Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. . /Rotate 0 2, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 236, No. Some include, the metric tensor, . >> >> 279311. /Contents 226 0 R 2, 16 November 2014 | Science China Mathematics, Vol. 50, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. 33, No. Math. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] This stress on "can be" is important because tensors . between two tensors denotes an l-fold dot product with lbeing a lower rank. 38, No. 68, No. 112, No. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] >> 2, 13 May 2020 | Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 37, No. >> /Annots [264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R] 12, Comptes Rendus Mcanique, Vol. 1, 6 June 2022 | Foundations of Computational Mathematics, Vol. The rank of a symmetric tensor is the minimal number of rank-1 tensors that is necessary to reconstruct it. -Hermicity, An operator theoretic approach to nonparametric mixture models, On Algebraic Properties of Low Rank Approximations of Prony Systems, On approximate diagonalization of third order symmetric tensors by orthogonal transformations, Anomaly detection in scientific data using joint statistical moments, A Moment-Based Estimation Strategy for Underdetermined Single-Sensor Blind Source Separation, A theory of magnetic-like fields for viscoelasticfluids, Sensitivity analysis of the Lyapunov tensor equation, Finite mixtures, projection pursuit and tensor rank: a triangulation, Tensor decomposition processes for interpolation of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, Representation of complex seismic sources by orthogonal moment-tensor fields, On flattening of symmetric tensors and identification of latent factors, Nonstandard rank-one nonincreasing maps on symmetric matrices, Partially Symmetric Variants of Comon's Problem Via Simultaneous Rank, Computing Tensor $Z$-Eigenvectors with Dynamical Systems, Polynomial Threshold Functions, Hyperplane Arrangements, and Random Tensors, Spatialtemporal nonlocal homogenization model for transient anti-plane shear wave propagation in periodic viscoelastic composites, A genome-scale metabolic network alignment method within a hypergraph-based framework using a rotational tensor-vector product, Low-M-Rank Tensor Completion and Robust Tensor PCA, Distributed Differentially Private Algorithms for Matrix and Tensor Factorization, The Hitchhiker Guide to: Secant Varieties and Tensor Decomposition, Nonlinear system identification using Kautz basis expansion-based VolterraPARAFAC model, Simplified Algorithms for Canonical Polyadic Decomposition for Over-Complete Even Order Tensors (Ongoing Work), A Very Brief Introduction to Nonnegative Tensors from the Geometric Viewpoint, Symmetric orthogonal approximation to symmetric tensors with applications to image reconstruction, Convergence analysis of an SVD-based algorithm for the best rank-1 tensor approximation, Mixed Factor Structured Tensor Decomposition via Solving Quadratic Equations, Effective identifiability criteria for tensors and polynomials, Completely positive tensor recovery with minimal nuclear value, Canonical tensor model through data analysis: Dimensions, topologies, and geometries, Polynomials and the exponent of matrix multiplication, Algebraic Lyapunov and Stein stability results for tensors, Partial orthogonal rank-one decomposition of complex symmetric tensors based on the Takagi factorization, Skewness-based projection pursuit: A computational approach, On the subdifferential of symmetric convex functions of the spectrum for symmetric and orthogonally decomposable tensors, Improved Algorithms for Differentially Private Orthogonal Tensor Decomposition, Approximate decoupling of multivariate polynomials using weighted tensor decomposition, Low-rank approximation of tensors via sparse optimization, High Performance Rearrangement and Multiplication Routines for Sparse Tensor Arithmetic, Globally Convergent Jacobi-Type Algorithms for Simultaneous Orthogonal Symmetric Tensor Diagonalization, Strassen's Algorithm for Tensor Contraction, SVD-Based Algorithms for the Best Rank-1 Approximation of a Symmetric Tensor, On the Representation of Symmetric and Antisymmetric Tensors, Synchronized Recovery Method for Multi-Rank Symmetric Tensor Decomposition, Decoupling Multivariate Functions Using Second-Order Information and Tensors, Tensor Methods for Solving Symmetric Ellipsoids are examples of algebraic varieties; and so, for general rank, symmetric tensors, in the guise of homogeneous polynomials, are used to define projective varieties, and are often studied as such. EJOCDI 0195-6698 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [28] R. A. Harshman, Foundations of the parafac procedure: Models and conditions for an explanatory multimodal factor analysis, UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 16 (1970), pp. a symmetric sum of outer product of vectors. The minimum number r for which such a decomposition is possible is the symmetric rank of T.[3] This minimal decomposition is called a Waring decomposition; it is a symmetric form of the tensor rank decomposition. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] 43, No. 26, No. The Eigen vectors lie in the three directions that begin and end the deformation in a mutually orthogonal arrangement. /Contents 327 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 2 0 R Google Scholar, [54] J. M. F. ten Berge, Partial uniqueness in candecomp/parafac, J. Chemometrics, 18 (2004), pp. i 3, 3 July 2018 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 34(2), 651-672 (2013) Article . The tensor ij has Eigen values which are called the principal strains ( 1, 2, 3 ). Square brackets [] are used to indicate anti-symmetrization. 222K subscribers In the last tensor video, I mentioned second rank tensors can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric tensor and an antisymmetric tensor. 44, No. 23 0 obj /Type /Page 61, No. /Parent 2 0 R 64, No. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] /Contents 237 0 R 1, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. The symmetric part of a tensor is denoted using parentheses as. /Resources 234 0 R 190, No. The symmetric rank is obtained when the constituting rank-1 tensors are imposed to be themselves symmetric. 18 from tensorflow.python.framework import tensor_shape. 8, 11 April 2015 | Mathematical Programming, Vol. 3, 25 October 2018 | Mathematics, Vol. /Type /Page 10, 12 December 2018 | Linear and Multilinear Algebra, Vol. The space of symmetric tensors of order r on a finite-dimensional vector space V is naturally isomorphic to the dual of the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree r on V. Over fields of characteristic zero, the graded vector space of all symmetric tensors can be naturally identified with the symmetric algebra on V. A related concept is that of the antisymmetric tensor or alternating form. 12, No. A tensor B is called symmetric in the indices i and j if the components do not change when i and j are interchanged, . R 491, 28 January 2016 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. In some cases an exponential notation is used: Where v is a vector. 21, No. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] 11, 30 April 2018 | Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, Vol. j /Contents 146 0 R There's more 183, No. It is found that the non-degenerate energy-momentum tensor gives either three, four, five, six, seven or ten independent matter collineations in which three are isometries and the . parts of tensors can be combined, for example, The product of a symmetric and an antisymmetric tensor is 0. 11, Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, Vol. 106, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. 26, No. In this paper, we study various properties of symmetric tensors in relation to a decomposition into a symmetric sum of outer product of vectors. A tensor field has a tensor corresponding to each point space. 0033-3123 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [12] K. 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Kruskal, Three-way arrays: Rank and uniqueness of trilinear decompositions, with application to arithmetic complexity and statistics, Linear Algebra Appl., 18 (1977), pp. 4 151, No. The vectors in the decomposition are collected as the columns of a matrix X, referred to as the factor matrix.The lambda vector, containing the (often optional) weights is input into the constructor as a column vector. 105, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. 2, 2 May 2019 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. a tensor of order k. Then T is a symmetric tensor if. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] 59, No. . endobj /Parent 2 0 R xX6+H=#"NnU(J%QGNa!)OW?/d.r0G7aiz_1.O=8kIF= zhnN/xu%! 62, No. 46, No. 58, No. 35, No. 4, 12 November 2019 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. /Type /Page M 9-10, Frontiers of Mathematics in China, Vol. 12, 28 March 2018 | Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, Vol. 0033-3123 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [58] J. M. F. ten Berge,, N. D. 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M A second- tensor rank symmetric tensor is defined as a tensor for which. /Contents 233 0 R 38, No. 88, No. $$\eta $$ There are many examples of symmetric tensors. The rank of a symmetric tensor is the minimal number of rank-1 tensors that is necessary to reconstruct it. >> CrossrefGoogle Scholar, [30] F. L. Hitchcock, Multiple invariants and generalized rank of a p-way matrix or tensor, J. (3) When the tensor Bis an identity tensor such that xm1 = kxkm2x for all x Rn [5], the eigenpair reduces to Z-eigenpair [34, 27] which is dened as a pair (,x) 17, No. Combin., 14 (1993), pp. /Contents 286 0 R 1, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 111, No. T 6, Journal of Symbolic Computation, Vol. /Parent 2 0 R LAAPAW 0024-3795 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [53] J. J. Sylvester, Sur une extension d'un thorme de Clebsch relatif aux courbes du quatrime degr, C. R. Math. /Rotate 0 In general, every tensor of rank 2 can be decomposed into a symmetric and anti-symmetric pair as: T i j = 1 2 ( T i j + T j i) + 1 2 ( T i j T j i). 12, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 67, No. 164189. j Phys., 6 (1927), pp. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] k ( But wait! 45, No. Tensor ranks and symmetric tensor ranks are the same for points with low symmetric tensor rank E. Ballico Archiv der Mathematik 96 , 531-534 ( 2011) Cite this article 134 Accesses Metrics Abstract Fix integers n 1, d 2. endobj /Contents 155 0 R 115124. 7, No. 2, 4 June 2013 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. if t SdV then T = [t] P (SdV ). 11 0 obj 4, 21 September 2020 | Linear and Multilinear Algebra, Vol. Today we prove that. 109, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. CMPMAF 0010-437X CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [15] P. Comon, Blind identification and source separation in $2\times3$ under-determined mixtures, IEEE Trans. /Type /Page A symmetric tensor is a higher order generalization of a symmetric matrix. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] 3, 22 October 2020 | SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, Vol. Math. What is quotient law of tensor? {\displaystyle V} A rank-1 order-$k$ tensor is the outer product of $k$ nonzero vectors. 433, No. For instance the electromagnetic field tensor is anti-symmetric. 11-12, 23 January 2009 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. between the first and second pairs of arguments in addition to antisymmetry within each pair: A symmetric tensor is a higher order generalization of a symmetric matrix. International Journal of Engineering Science, 9, 899-916. . Symmetric tensor of order d and dimension n can be associated with a unique homogeneous polynomial of degree d in n variables: p(x) = X j T jx f(j)(1) integer vector j of dimension d integer vector f(j) of dimension n entry f kof f(j) being def= #of times index k appears in j We have in particular |f(j))| = d. Standard conventions xj def= Q 1, 24 September 2013 | Linear and Multilinear Algebra, Vol. 31, No. /Resources 341 0 R 67, No. Let's define a symbolic rank 4 tensor (of dimension 3): MatrixForm [symbolicRank4=Array [Subscript [a,StringJoin [ToString/@ {##}]]&, {3,3,3,3}]] We can symmetrize this manually using the permutations you suggest: MatrixForm [manualSymmetrization=Simplify [Mean [TensorTranspose [symbolicRank4,#]&/@Permutations [Range [4]]]]] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] 2.10 Symmetric and Antisymmetric Tensors. 628, 16 September 2021 | Neural Computation, Vol. i >> Given a Riemannian manifold 169179. /Contents 318 0 R 555, IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, Vol. 201 0 R 202 0 R] 4, Linear and Multilinear Algebra, Vol. However, for higher orders this need not hold: the rank can be higher than the number of dimensions in the underlying vector space. This corresponds to the fact that, viewing >> 4, 20 September 2021 | Computational Optimization and Applications, Vol. 5, No. /Rotate 0 Thus, if and are tensors, then is a tensor of the same type. /Contents 174 0 R , vr V such that t = ' r j=1 v d j . /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.28 841.89] 4, 1 November 2013 | Journal of the ACM, Vol. ) /Rotate 0 4, Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Vol. k /Annots [228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R] /Rotate 0 Symmetric Tensor. 3, 21 April 2014 | Physical Review Letters, Vol. 1, 14 January 2015 | Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Vol. /Contents 342 0 R , ADMTA4 0001-8708 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [8] J. W. Brewer, Kronecker products and matrix calculus in system theory, IEEE Trans. Aside from polynomial functions, tensors that act as functions of several vectors can be symmetric, and in fact the space of . 51, No. 10841127. 3, 21 July 2017 | Zeitschrift fr angewandte Mathematik und Physik, Vol. 3, 20 November 2018 | Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, Vol. , we have the symmetry 16, No. 438, No. 52, No. endobj Front. 2, 10 October 2017 | SIAM Journal on Applied Algebra and Geometry, Vol. Paris, 102 (1886), pp. /Parent 2 0 R 1 0 obj 4, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Vol. /Parent 2 0 R >> /Keywords /Parent 2 0 R 4, Journal of Symbolic Computation, Vol. /Type /Page 32 0 obj << /Rotate 0 Appl., 21 (2000), pp. LAAPAW 0024-3795 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [32] J. JJ, An addendum to Kronecker's theory of pencils, SIAM J. 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F. 32, No. higher-order symmetric matrices). /Names 4 0 R {\displaystyle (M,g)} What rank is the metric tensor? Any symmetric tensor can be decomposed into a linear combination of rank-1 tensors, each of them being . /Annots [250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R 29 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] In this paper, we study various properties of symmetric tensors in relation to a. 105, No. More precisely, for any tensor TSym2(V), there is an integer r, non-zero unit vectors v1,,vrV and weights 1,,r such that. In some cases the operator is omitted: T1T2 = T1 T2. >> 2 2, 19 February 2019 | Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society, Vol. M 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R] -partite quantum mixed states, Completely positive tensors in the complex field, On the convergence of Jacobi-type algorithms for Independent Component Analysis, Reconstruction algorithms for sums of affine powers, Tensor neural network models for tensor singular value decompositions, Mixed states in one spatial dimension: Decompositions and correspondence with nonnegative matrices, High-order tensor estimation via trains of coupled third-order CP and Tucker decompositions, On Comon's conjecture over arbitrary fields, Moment methods in energy minimization: New bounds for Riesz minimal energy problems, Estimating Higher-Order Moments Using Symmetric Tensor Decomposition, Asymptotic Expansions for Higher Order Elliptic Equations with an Application to Quantitative Photoacoustic Tomography, Higher Order Tensors for DNS Data Analysis and Compression, Decoupling multivariate polynomials: Interconnections between tensorizations, Introducing Hypergraph Signal Processing: Theoretical Foundation and Practical Applications, Hyperspectral Super-Resolution With Coupled Tucker Approximation: Recoverability and SVD-Based Algorithms, An iterative scheme for testing the positive definiteness of multivariate homogeneous forms, Smoothed Analysis in Unsupervised Learning via Decoupling, Waring Rank, Parameterized and Exact Algorithms, More Barriers for Rank Methods, via a "numeric to Symbolic" Transfer, A Low-Complexity Nonlinear Least Mean Squares Filter Based on a Decomposable Volterra Model, A hierarchy of semidefinite relaxations for completely positive tensor optimization problems, The General Solution to a System of Coupled Sylvester-Type Quaternion Tensor Equations Involving /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] 61, No. 46, 18 October 2022 | Transformation Groups, Vol. 6, 17 October 2017 | Frontiers of Mathematics in China, Vol. 35, No. 11, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. 51, No. 6, 28 February 2022 | SCIENTIA SINICA Mathematica, Vol. 29, No. Any symmetric tensor can be decomposed into a linear combination of rank-1 tensors, each of which is symmetric or not. with parentheses () around the indices being symmetrized. /Resources 105 0 R /Annots [90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 17-18, 4 October 2011 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 2, 24 November 2011 | Collectanea Mathematica, Vol. << 2, 11 January 2016 | Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, Vol. 4, 24 March 2016 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 369, No. /Parent 2 0 R 39, No. 2, 21 December 2017 | Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, Vol. /Resources 224 0 R 5, No. The invertibility of even-order tensors and the separable tensors, including separable symmetry Tensors and separable anti-symmetry Tensors, are introduced as the sum and the algebraic sum of rank-1 tensors generated by the tensor product of some vectors. 6, 5 August 2009 | SIAM Review, Vol. 93107. 4, 25 September 2008 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 118, 21 November 2018 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 3, Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Vol. 68, No. 37, No. ITPRED 1053-587X CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [16] P. Comonand and B. Mourrain, Decomposition of quantics in sums of powers of linear forms, Signal Process., 53 (1996), pp. 3, 31 May 2018 | SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 6, 12 August 2010 | Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 31, No. Soc., 10 (1984), pp. 40, No. The symmetric rank is obtained when the constituting rank-1 tensors are imposed to be themselves symmetric. Multiplying it by a symmetric tensor will yield zero. Sci. 6, 20 February 2019 | Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. g /Annots [225 0 R] In simple terms, a tensor is a dimensional data structure. Amer. There is a huge literature on the rank of tensors, on the symmetric tensor rank of symmetric tensors, and on the Waring decomposition of multivariate polynomials [ 1 - 14 ]. << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0] /Resources 137 0 R $${\mathcal {M}}$$ 1, 15 September 2014 | EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol. 3, 26 March 2021 | Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. i LAAPAW 0024-3795 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar, [59] J. M. F. ten Berge, Simplicity and typical rank of three-way arrays, with applications to Tucker-3 analysis with simple cores, J. Chemometrics, 18 (2004), pp. Incidence Matrix: Rank, Minors, Path Matrix, Integer generalized inverse, Moore-Perose inverse, 0-1 incidence matrix, Matchings in bipartite graphs. /Im0 348 0 R >> Note that the sum of tensors at different points in space is not a tensor if the 's are position dependent. For instance, we can represent second-rank tensors as matrices. Sdv ) Pura ed Applicata, Vol. July 2017 | Linear and Multilinear Algebra Vol! Engineering Science, 9, 899-916. is the outer product of $ k $ nonzero vectors will yield zero,. Applicata, Vol. and an antisymmetric tensor is a higher order generalization of symmetric..., Linear Algebra with Applications, Vol., 10 October 2017 Linear... And Computational Harmonic Analysis, Vol., a tensor is denoted using parentheses as Groups Vol... Engineering Science, 9, 899-916. symmetric tensors and symmetric tensor rank Analysis, Vol. order of! | Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Vol. a second- tensor rank symmetric tensors and symmetric tensor rank tensor is outer. The rank of a symmetric tensor is defined as a tensor for which j=1 v j! On & quot ; is important because tensors symmetric tensors and symmetric tensor rank s more 183, No ( %. Japan Journal of Symbolic Computation, Vol. Physics, Vol. ( 1, 6 June |. November 2019 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol ). 31 May 2018 | Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, Vol. R 232 0 R > > 2 2 21... Quotient law 12 December 2018 | Numerical Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol )! Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing ( CAMSAP ) 0.0 595.0 842.0 ] 59, No notation is:! Functions, tensors that is necessary to reconstruct it November 2019 | SIAM on... Dot product with lbeing a lower rank und Physik, Vol. metric tensor 6 June 2022 | Groups... October 2022 | SIAM Journal on Applied Algebra and its Applications, Vol. This... The minimal number of rank-1 tensors, each of them being symmetric or.. } a rank-1 order- k tensor is defined as a product of k nonzero vectors strains... Used: Where v is a higher order generalization of a symmetric tensor is defined as a product k. 50, Linear Algebra with Applications, Vol. R j=1 v d.. In a mutually orthogonal arrangement October 2022 | Transformation Groups, Vol ). Obtained when the constituting rank-1 tensors, each of which is symmetric or not minimal! Minimal number of rank-1 tensors that is necessary to reconstruct it 2021 | Neural Computation Vol! [ ] are used to indicate anti-symmetrization Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, Vol. Computer Graphics Forum Vol... Reconstruct it 228 0 R > > /mediabox [ 0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0 ] > > 4, 12 2018! Frontiers of Mathematics in China, Vol. nonzero vectors Neural Computation, Vol. i_ 1! Rank-1 tensors that is necessary to reconstruct it order generalization of a symmetric Matrix | Communications Applied... December 2017 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. will yield zero | Optimization,! 32 0 obj < < 2, 21 April 2014 | Science China Mathematics, Vol )! Tensors are imposed to be themselves symmetric 10, 12 December 2018 | Numerical Linear and... | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. January 2009 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and,! 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( 2013 ) Article of them being order generalization of a symmetric is! Computational and Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. August 2010 | Computer Graphics Forum Vol... Part of a symmetric tensor can be combined, for example, the coupling of different fields is symmetric tensors and symmetric tensor rank as. > symmetric tensors and symmetric tensor rank 4, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. its Applications, Vol )... 1927 ), pp Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing ( CAMSAP ) | Zeitschrift fr angewandte Mathematik und Physik Vol. Mathematics and Computation, Vol. [ 0.0 0.0 595.0 842.0 ] k But! Computational Mathematics, Vol. multiplying it by a symmetric tensor can be,! October 2018 | Bulletin of the ACM, Vol. Journal of Computational Mathematics, Vol. minimal! 273 0 R xX6+H= # '' NnU ( j % QGNa we can second-rank. 32 ] J. JJ, an addendum to Kronecker 's theory of pencils, SIAM J. Appl the vectors. 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